India’s remarkable economic growth has positioned it among the largest global economies, with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of approximately $4 trillion in 2024. Despite this achievement, the annual per capita income of $2,780 underscores the inadequacy of aggregate economic indicators in capturing the realities of wealth concentration and socio-economic inequality. A closer examination of India’s financial structure reveals profound disparities that substantially challenge its developmental trajectory. This study critically analyzes the issue of inequality through the theoretical frameworks of Marxist, Capitalist, and Islamic economic thought, offering a nuanced exploration of the underlying dynamics and proposing comprehensive strategies to address the inequitable distribution of wealth.