Today, the dual high trend of college students' mental health conditions (MHC) and mobile phone addiction (MPA) cannot be ignored. This study was based on the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model theory and used the Simplified Version of Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS-SV) and College Student Mental Health Scale (CSMHS) to explore the relationship between college students' MHC and MPA, in order to better understand the psychological mechanism of college students' MPA. A survey was conducted on 9961 college students from a private university, in China, relevant data on their degree of mobile phone addiction and mental health conditions were collected. SPSS 29.0 was used to analyze the influence mechanism among variables with descriptive statistical methods, inferential analysis, and regression analysis. The result revealed that the detection rate of MPA among college students was high. MHC were significantly positively correlated with MPA. Impact factors including physical and mental function (PMF), cognitive bias (CB), negative emotions (NE), and negative coping styles (NCS) extracted from MHC all had significant hierarchical predictive effects on MPA. This study provides theoretical support for understanding the psychological mechanisms of college students and practical guidance for preventing and intervening in.