This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of faculty human resource development on the performance outcomes of colleges in Vietnam, while examining the mediating role of faculty competence and the moderating effect of institutional type. Data were collected from a survey of 330 lecturers and
administrators across colleges nationwide. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicate that faculty human resource development has a strong positive effect on institutional performance both directly (β = 0.258) and indirectly through the mediating variable of faculty competence (β = 0.440). Notably, the study finds that institutional type does not directly affect performance outcomes but significantly moderates the strength of the impact of faculty human resource development and faculty competence on performance. Based on these findings, the study proposes several managerial implications to optimize faculty human resource development strategies to enhance the performance of colleges in Vietnam in the new context.